Alonso Lobo: Versa est in luctum
  • I think this will be of interest to everyone here who loves polyphony. CONTINUUM is a new 12-man vocal ensemble from London, specialising in the sacred polyphony of Renaissance Spain, performed at the original and sonorous low pitch. The group is co-directed by three people, including veteran musicologist Bruno Turner, from whose editions the group perform. Lobo (1555-1617) was maestro de capilla at Toledo and Seville cathedrals. "Versa est in luctum" was composed for the obsequies of Philip II of Spain, who died in 1598. "My harp is turned to mourning and my music into the voice of those that weep. Spare me, Lord, for my days are nothing."

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGanKBfLycA
  • I should add, please feel free to distribute, share or comment, we hope to kindle lots of interest.

    Richard
  • R J StoveR J Stove
    Posts: 302
    Thank you. Let's hope that Continuum can issue some CDs of this repertory.
  • Plans are for a commercial cd of newly-discovered works by Victoria's teacher at Avila Cathedral, Ribera, to be followed by a cd of Spanish sacred polyphony from the "Golden Age". Videos of music by Victoria and Ribera will be coming soon, too.
  • gregpgregp
    Posts: 632
    This all-male ensemble has made 16th century Spanish sacred polyphony and chant the core of its repertoire, and seeks to perform this wonderful music at the original, sonorous low pitch as it would have been heard in Spanish cathedrals and religious institutions during Spain's "Golden Age".

    Excuse my ignorance, but please elaborate on this "original, sonorous low pitch". Were there reasons for that: musical, religious, national, or cultural?
  • Adam WoodAdam Wood
    Posts: 6,482
    As I understand it:
    During the rise of instrumental art music in Europe, there was a bit of a tuning arms race as string players tuned themselves slightly sharp to standout over the winds and brass, who responded in kind.
    Eventually the pitch rose to the present a= 440.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)
  • Protasius
    Posts: 468
    A religious reason is that in this period of time women were not allowed to sing in church (the divine office and I suppose mass in nuns' convents excepted). Therefore the soprano and perhaps also the alto part had to be rendered by either boys (I'm not sure, whether this is the musically correct term, in German it would be Knabenstimmen) or falsettists (spanish falsettist are credited to have sung in the Vatican in the 16th c.) or castrates (which had the beginning of their great time after this period). Therefore it would not be wrong to render the pieces lower (and give the bass part to bassi profondi).

    The pitch standard Adam mentions is not universal: I often have the opportunity to play on a 18th c. organ in so called high cornet pitch with a' = 467 Hz or so; for Italy there is evidence for a high pitch in the Lombardy, a low pitch in Rome and a middle pitch in Venice.
    In those times several pitches were differentiated, chamber pitch (Kammerton, ca. 392--415 Hz) for chamber and orchestra music, choir pitch (Chorton) usually to a major second lower than chamber pitch, and cornet pitch up to a terce higher than chamber pitch.
  • CHGiffenCHGiffen
    Posts: 5,199
    Orchestras in the UK and most orchestras in the USA use A=440. The New York Philharmonic and the Boston Symphony Orchestra as well as orchestras in Denmark, Norway, France, Italy, Hungary use A=442, and a great number of modern European orchestras (including those of Germany, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Spain) use A=443. These all represent pitch inflation since the International Pitch standard of A=440 was adopted in 1939.

    Actually, the A=440 standard represented a lowering of the levels to which pitch had risen throughout the 19th century (the British "old philharmonic standard" was A=452 and was lowered to the "new philharmonic standard" A=439 in 1896. The chief factor driving pitch inflation was, as Adam pointed out, brighter overtones - but amongst all orchestral instruments (not just string players). It was largely due to the complaints of rising pitches thus required for voices and the resultant vocal strain on voices that resulted in standardizations being adopted. Obviously, even the International standard has not been internationally observed.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_pitch
  • I wonder what factors came into play for the placement of voice parts/singers and microphones, as I heard one CT soprano predominantly, and at a fairly consistent mf volume without much contour. Could, of course, be the limitations of the playback via YouTube delivery, etc. Was the gentleman bass far stage right one of the directors? He had an interesting jaw placement, looked a little tense, but the tone was resoundingly solid! Kudos.
  • Adam WoodAdam Wood
    Posts: 6,482
    Ah. I was half right- as usual.
  • CHGiffenCHGiffen
    Posts: 5,199
    Adam ... you're alright whether you're all right or half-right!
  • Actually the low pitch he is referring to is a tradition of downward transposition for certain modes. When the original print features the "high" or chiavette clefs (G2, C2, C3, C4) , many theorists advise transposing down a fourth. This makes sense when you start trying to sing some of these works. The bass (as written) lays very high and everything is quite bright. Transpose down and things really sound lovely with all male voices.
  • Actually "Old Philharmonic" pitch lasted until the move to A440 in the 1930s in the brass bands of England. You can still get instruments (lots of them) on Ebay at that pitch.
  • Finally, pitch during the Renaissance was all over the place, but for the most part it was higher than we play now. Some groups that play Venetian music have worked with the prevailing A460 pitch of that city.
  • Michael, you are absolutely right. At low pitch with an adult-male choir, each voice is in the most exciting part of its range, which isn't the case with editons of sacred polyphony transposed upwards and sung by modern SATB choirs (the alto part especially being too low and often inaudible). There's lots of research on this which was done 30 years ago by Bruno Turner, Continuum's musicological advisor. Archival research shows that Spanish choirs of this time consisisted of adult male voices: "Tiple" or soprano (adult male high falsettists), alto, tenor and bass. Boys in Spanish cathedrals and religious institutions normally sang only plainsong, which gave them an incomparable musical training, with the polyphony left to the adult, experienced, singers. Bruno Turner's group, Pro Cantione Antiqua, in the 1970's and 80's, recorded much continental sacred polyphony from the 16th century using the original pitch. As I understand it, the upward transposition is a relatively recent phenomenon, started in the 19th century to make earlier music singable by modern SATB choirs, and then in Oxford in the 1970's and 80's, Peter Phillips and Harry Christophers formed ensembles and began recording music at transposed pitch, and now it's seen as the norm, when it's really quite a recent invention. Choirs singing at high pitch can sound glorious, of course, but it's entirely different in character from the original. I should add that the subject of performing pitch in early English music is more complicated and isn't resolved to quite the same degree as continental music.
  • Jeffrey Quick
    Posts: 2,092
    Pitch standardization, insofar as it existed at all during the Renaissance, was a function of instrument makers (particularly the Nuremberg brass makers and the Bassanos), and only became important as instruments began to join voices. Even during the Baroque there were a multiplicity of standards (e.g., Buxtehude was meant to be done at A460 or so; the lines lie low, particularly the bass, and it's nearly impossible to do at "baroque pitch 415". But that's a different issue from chiavette.
  • CHGiffenCHGiffen
    Posts: 5,199
    Pitch standards were worse than what you might think:

    Concert "A" pitch since 1511

    A=403 (Mersenne spinet, 1648) to A=561 (Praetorius "church pitch", 1619), and nearly everything in between.

    The instrumental "baroque pitch" at about 415 was anywhere from a major second to a minor third below the Chorton pitch of singers, and transposition was often required.
  • The modern use of A415 is a compromise for mostly early 18th-century music. In our time, this gives us a standard that seems to work for most of the music of that time and provides a baseline pitch in our jet-setting age.

    RichardUK, please say hello to Bruno for me. I just saw him in Barcelona and he has been a great help in my own work.
  • CHGiffenCHGiffen
    Posts: 5,199
    Indeed, Michael. A=415 also conveniently corresponds to a semitone lower than A=440, so that by transposing downward a semitone, modern instruments may be employed alongside baroque instruments. There are harpsichords made with a mechanical provision for such downward transposition - the manuals shift to the left to accomplish this - when it is desired to perform at A=415. The whole issue of performance pitch is fascinating - and sometimes frustrating!
  • Michael, I certainly will when I see him. I think Bruno played en excerpt from our recording sessions in one of his talks in Barcelona; we were singing Ribera's "Rex autem David". And soon there will be videos of Victoria and Ribera on our youtube.