Behaviorism and its influence on active participation
  • Joseph_M
    Posts: 13
    I've been reflecting on how the phrase "active participation" may have been influenced by behavioral psychology. I was trained under this approach myself. From the 1950s to the 1980s, behaviorism was one of the most dominant schools of thought in psychology. It was led by figures such as B.F. Skinner.

    One component of behaviorism is what they call the "dead man's test." If a dead man can do it, then it's not a behavior. One must be able to observe an action for it to be considered a behavior. You can imagine these implications this has on the spiritual life. Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament can't be measured, so it's not a behavior. Contemplating the sacrifice of Christ, also not a behavior.

    Active participation, as many interpret it, means you have to see the Laity do something. Lips must be moving, gestures, sit, stand, kneel, etc.

    To Skinner's credit, he did make the case for a radical behaviorism which considered private thoughts and events as behavior. You can see this unfold attempts to measure this through relational frame theory or treat issues through Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.

    I have watched and read a lot of the Venerable Fulton Sheen and he spent much of his time dismantling the popular psychology of his day, mainly Freud and psychoanalysis.

    There are many good things that have come from psychological study, but it must always be subordinated to philosophy and theology.
  • Liam
    Posts: 5,257
    The movement for active participation predates behavioralism as it became known.
  • Joseph_M
    Posts: 13
    I'm not making a case that behavioral psychology was the cause of "active participation," merely the influence behavioral psychology had upon the understanding, implementation, and adoption of what active participation looks like. At its core, behavioral psychology reduces humans to an animal without a rational intellect. You can trace this back in with the Greeks and other philosophical views of man.

    For a movement to really take off, and be twisted, without people naturally being repulsed, my thought is that behavioral psychology was in the mainstream at the time of the major changes and active participation would have made sense to the majority of people to mean observable behavior in all things. Schools were and still are shaped by behavioral psychology, reductionistic views of man, and materialism.

    Rather, if we are worshiping with the angels (pure intellect), our mouths don't need to move at all. Gazing into the eyes of your beloved, reaches deeper than any words one can speak or song one can sing. It would have been easier to focus on external participation, rather than the intellect during those critical times of change. Certain forms of music move the emotions/lower appetites, whereas chant operates on the intellect. To me, it appears the movement of "active participation" and how that unfolded, had an ally in behavioral psychology
  • francis
    Posts: 10,997
    That is an interesting analyzation about the forms of music.

    -Begin rant-
    It is my opinion that after the baroque era music has really degraded significantly, and continues it’s downward spiral.

    My view is that the classical era was a turning away from God and higher thinking and reaching for popularism. (Of course, Mozart lead the charge with his slew of senseless operas.) But then came dissolution in the 20th century, and what was ordered and beautiful and intellectual became chaos, ugly and bereft of God and humanity.

    Simply look at the concert halls today. Is there anything truly Godworthy going on in the concert hall? Does it include intellect that leads us to a higher plane spiritually and intellectually? In my opinion, it’s mostly musical gymnastics. “Hey mom… look and listen to what I can do!” (active participation in the concert hall) the entire music industry seems to adhere to the category of tickling ears I suppose.

    And then it seems to be no different in church music unless you attend a TLM… but there they only harken back to Renaissance polyphony… where are the new Palestrina’s and Victorias?
    -End rant-
  • TLMlover
    Posts: 36
    This is very interesting, Joseph. I would like to travel back in time and watch people assisting at Latin Mass in the U.S. in the 1950s, to see if we could tell if they are "actively participating." (The 50s because it was the decade before the N.O. was invented, and also because there was good Mass attendance in the U.S. in the 50s.)

    I assume that part of what was considered a "lack" of participation were the (most commonly) ladies saying their Rosary during Mass. I don't know how this practice started or why, because if supposedly the people "didn't understand what was happening or what was being said," wouldn't they just have sat quietly waiting for their next snippet of "active participation"?

    When I'm at TLM, many times I don't follow the missal at all. I just experience the Mass. In the silent parts, I'm silent. When I need to respond, I respond. When I need to sing, I sing. But I don't sit there and follow along in my missal.

    Wouldn't we imagine that's what most of the people did back then? Everyone knew the responses. So the rest is contemplation or prayer. (Maybe not so much praying the Rosary.) I've done it before at TLM, but only after returning to my pew after receiving Holy Communion. I wouldn't pray the Rosary at any time while the priest is saying prayers. Does anybody else think this is inappropriate? Did this practice lead to the idea that people were not actively participating?

    One time I had a conversation with an older woman, telling her how much I love the TLM. She replied, "Oh, I never did! I couldn't understand a thing the priest said!" And I said, "Well, ma'am, didn't you have a missal?"

    I mean, to me, in the 21st century, that's just obvious that people would have missals. But maybe it wasn't that common in earlier times. Still, even without a missal, one learns the responses, one knows generally what their meaning is. And until the mid 60s, Latin was a required subject in U.S. schools, and probably world wide. So I really never understand the "lack of understanding" excuse.

    I think your theory, Joseph, could have some weight, especially combined with the knowledge that Satan always twists things and makes them sound pretty good. After all, it's easy to destroy the Latin Mass by suggesting that people don't understand it at all and are not "fully and actively" participating.

    Francis, I agree with your observations also. Satan uses music quite well, to incite people to do all kinds of things.

    I would disagree, however, with Joseph's statement that "chant operates on intellect." Properly done chant is mesmerizing and emotional, and it has brought me to tears several times at the TLM.

    Great discussion!


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  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    If you're looking for a psychological explanation for the lack of visible congregational participation at Mass, consider diffusion of responsibility. Following a translation of the priest's prayers more or less word for word is a relatively late development. Most people didn't know Latin and didn't have a translation in front of them for many centuries, and vernacular translations were forbidden for a long time. Yes, it's still strange that literate people with vernacular missals complain about not knowing what the priest is saying. In this country, it's normative that the people take no active part in the prayers of the Latin Low Mass; Dialogue TLMs are uncommon. There are many, many people who get more out of Low Mass by praying the Rosary or other devotional prayers than by reading prayers that aren't meant to be heard by them anyway.

    It troubles me that interior and exterior participation are so often presented as though they were in opposition to each other, either/or. Why not both? I've heard people in my parish say things like, "I didn't sing at Mass because I was praying." What? Is singing the Ordinary of the Mass somehow not praying the Mass? During the Gregorian Gloria and Credo, intended for your participation and accompanied by the organist in a way meant to support congregational singing, are your personal meditations or whatever prayers you say mentally more important than the words of the Mass itself? Is the Mass a background for your private devotions, and a distraction from them if you actually participate in it? Of course, I can't say those things to individuals! Another person said, "I've always thought it was more respectful not to sing at Mass." A purely passive presence is sufficient to fulfill the Sunday obligation, but it is hardly the ideal. I see many people who go to Communion every Sunday but never participate in the singing of the Mass, not even the short responses. I really think this approach to liturgy is connected to the notion that the Mass consists solely of what the priest does at the altar. It's a Low Mass mentality. And yes, it has carried over into the novus ordo, some five and a half decades later.
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  • a_f_hawkins
    Posts: 3,530
    I wouldn't pray the Rosary at any time while the priest is saying prayers
    My wife recalled visiting Ireland in the late 50s going to a Low Mass at a large church in central Dublin. As the priest approached the altar, one of his fellow friars entered the pulpit and proceeded to lead the congregation in recitation of the rosary throughout the Mass, pausing only to turn and kneel for the consecration.
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  • I think that the way the TLM is celebrated now, with hand missals, close attention to the action at the altar, sung congregational responses, and varying levels of congregational singing owes a lot to the Liturgical Movement, the emphasis the V2 Council Fathers laid on participation, and perhaps even to "mutual enrichment" from the participatory focus of the NO.

    In a certain sense there is something ahistorical about how we now participate in the TLM, and it's an improvement.

    I take it as read that there were genuine, widespread liturgical problems in the centuries prior to Vatican 2, including a general neglect of lay formation in the meaning of the mass and a tendency towards obscurantism. Louis Bouyer's Liturgical Piety is an interesting read here.

    Apologies for the scattershot post, but what I'm driving at is that I've begun to think that the emergence of active participation was salutary for the TLM, and perhaps for the long-term future of the liturgy, even if it was elsewhere twisted towards abuses and misunderstandings.
  • PaxMelodious
    Posts: 450
    My understanding from conversations with older parishioners is that no, most people did not have missals. They did not speak the responses: that was the altar server's job. Latin was taught to the top class each year - but most pupils were busy learning more useful subjects.

    Ireland is a particularly interesting case: until that late 1960s, secondary education was not compulsory, and only 2/3 of people had any at all. Much less Latin.
    Thanked by 3francis CHGiffen Liam
  • Abbysmum
    Posts: 39
    Ireland is a particularly interesting case: until that late 1960s, secondary education was not compulsory, and only 2/3 of people had any at all. Much less Latin.


    That's for the English-speaking world. I know in Québec, Latin was taught universally until the Révolution tranquille, and then only gradually faded after that.
    Thanked by 2CHGiffen tomjaw
  • francis
    Posts: 10,997
    I STILL pray a rosary during Mass… it is a very powerful way of “active participation” by joining your prayers to that of the priest.
    Thanked by 1tomjaw
  • noel jones, aagonoel jones, aago
    Posts: 6,494
    "When I'm at TLM, many times I don't follow the missal at all. I just experience the Mass. In the silent parts, I'm silent. When I need to respond, I respond. When I need to sing, I sing. But I don't sit there and follow along in my missal."

    Very few people back then carried a missal to Mass. They sat, kneeled, stood and, on the way home, if running into a friend might be asked, "Did you hear Mass?".

    And that's also why the priest "Says" the Mass.
  • M. Jackson Osborn
    Posts: 8,440
    ...also why...
    Ahh! If only the cultural praxis and heritage were such that people would say 'that's also why the priest ' says Sings' the Mass', and ask of one, 'did you hear sing Mass?'
  • TLMlover
    Posts: 36
    All of this is fascinating to me. Especially the Irish friar leading the people in the Rosary during Mass. Just fascinating.

    Our childhood babysitter was a wonderful, round Irish woman named Ellen Carroll. And of course we called her Miss Carroll, always. She wore dresses and an apron, opaque nylon stockings rolled down below the knee, sturdy shoes, and a knitted beret. She made us tea in a blue ceramic teapot when we came home from school. Her accent was wonderful. She drove a VW Bug. Lol.

    My mother told me a few years ago that Miss Carroll was absolutely devastated by the implementation of the "New Mass." They spoke about it together often back then, even though my mother was not Catholic. Miss Carroll never got used to the n.o.; it made no sense to her and she couldn't understand why they would have taken away her beloved Latin Mass. I do not know if she prayed the Rosary during Mass but I would imagine she did.

    Does anyone know what the supposed "abuses" of the TLM were? I've heard that it mostly had to do with Low Mass, possibly that some priests weren't saying all the prayers and were sometimes finished saying Mass in like five minutes. That seems impossible. Were there abuses at High Mass also?
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  • TLMlover
    Posts: 36
    An addendum to my question: is it probable that people were better catechised in earlier times than they are now, so that they might have received instruction on what was actually happening at Mass? Was there any effort to improve catechesis of the people?
  • dad29
    Posts: 2,227
    whereas chant operates on the intellect


    Umnnhhh.....I have to agree with TLMover; Chant operates equally on the mind AND the heart, lifting both to God, just as St Pius X would have liked it. I think your take has to do with the fact that Chant actually DOES appeal to the intellect, as opposed to most of the stuff we are forced to hear today, which appeals mostly to the heart.

    It's also somewhat disconcerting (see what I did there?) to know that some folks think music ended at about 1600 AD. Forgetting Mozart for a moment (even his Ave Verum) shall we also discard Durufle? Faure? Peeters? MacMillan? L'Orgue Mystique?

    Beethoven's Mass in D (Solemnis) presents scads of brilliant word-paintings. Britten's War Requiem does the same, in spades, although it is not "church" music. And Bach was no piker, either--whether his Magnificat, the B Minor, or his Passions.

    Mind AND Heart to God, or as Mahler had it: Zu Gott!! (Second Symphony.)

    Thanked by 2LauraKaz CHGiffen
  • @TLMlover

    In the vein of my earlier post, I would not focus so much on particular concrete abuses - such as rapid-fire low masses, or hymn sandwiches or even orchestral masses - so much as a broader observation that the very reverent, liturgically correct, and relatively participatory TLMs trads are now used to were not, as far as I understand, the norm in the decades leading up to the council. The TLM lacks the option-itis of the NO, so I think the 'floor' was likely still higher, but in some ways the reverence, splendor, and personal satisfaction we associate with the TLM was less intrinsically there than we might think.

    Fr. Louis Bouyer contends (I'm simplifying the message of a 200 page book) that the general understanding of mass, even among knowledgeable people, began to suffer several hundred years ago. In his point of view, the congregations typically did not understand or follow the mass to the degree we do now, and even where they may have been catechized on it, the catechesis was meagre outside of centres of the Liturgical Movement and its historical prototypes, owing in part to the impoverished understanding even of liturgists.

    Bouyer would certainly deprecate some of the modes of participation suggested in this thread, such as praying a rosary, as being founded on poor catechesis, obscurantism, and a lack of liturgical understanding. Which is not to deprecate the devotion or personal holiness of the many people who did and still do that.

    I'm by no means a historian or an accomplished liturgist myself, so I'm open to disagreement or correction. But I'm of the opinion that table stakes for traditionalists in a general discussion of liturgical reform is acknowledgment that the TLM is not a perfect product descended from heaven, but has some deficient expressions, some accretions, and some obstacles to participation that the V2 Fathers were correct in wanting reformed.
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  • Abbysmum
    Posts: 39
    But I'm of the opinion that table stakes for traditionalists in a general discussion of liturgical reform is acknowledgment that the TLM is not a perfect product fallen from heaven, but has some deficient expressions, some accretions, and some obstacles to participation that the V2 Fathers were correct in wanting reformed.


    Hmmm... is Mass always inherently flawed? Can the Mass ever be "a perfect product fallen from heaven"?

    I mean, obviously, we always want to have something as close to perfect as possible, but is perfection achievable? Does it need to be a goal?
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  • TLMlover
    Posts: 36
    Chant_S, could you elaborate on the obstacles to participation?

    Abbysmum, Happy Mother's Day! What popped into my mind when I read your comment about perfection, was a random image of a very early Mass, when the idea of sacrifice was probably still first and formost in the minds of the Apostles. And probably all of it felt very Jewish. I just see an image of probably St. Paul, on his knees, elevating the consecrated host (which might have been a big chunk of rustic, pita-like bread), with all sincerity and love and fear, high in the air.

    I see the image of that act as perfect, in the sense that it was an act of trust; an act that they TRULY believed in; an act that they knew they must do, because Jesus told them to.

    So I think most of the "rawness" of the sacrificial act has been replaced by rules. I do love rules. But I do not think the rules or the following of the rules make for perfection of the sacrifice of the Mass.

    Just my naïve opinion here.

    Thanked by 1Abbysmum
  • francis
    Posts: 10,997
    So if you wanted to get down to describing a “perfect Mass” it would probably last about one minute… bread and wine elevated with the priest, saying the words of consecration… (then again, our liturgy from spy Wednesday to Easter morning is about four days… and isn’t it perfect?)

    that really is all that is absolutely necessary. Everything else added however is beauty and devotion and worship and praise and excellence.

    On Mother’s Day you could run up to her and give her a kiss and run away, and I suppose that would be all that is necessary… But showering her with words of praise, chocolates and flowers and songs are things that she will always remember and certainly appreciate.

    Can you ever love God too much? Can you ever love your mother too much including our dearest Mother in heaven and her church on earth?
    Thanked by 2Abbysmum LauraKaz
  • a_f_hawkins
    Posts: 3,530
    As an altar server from 1952 to 1963, at a side altar for a monastic weekday Missa privata, I observed a wide variety of liturgical devotion. I chanced across the obituary of Fr G years later, which said "for him the Mass was the still centre of a turning world", and indeed that was evident even to a sub-teen. On the other hand for Fr K it appeared to be a daily chore to be dispatched as rapidly as possible, I think he had perfected a technique of articulating while breathing in.
    I knew people who would prefer the quicker service, they thought they only needed to be physically present to gain merit.
  • TLMlover
    Posts: 36
    Francis, great comment. I would add: a mother knows her children and what they are capable of. A three year old giving a spontaneous and enthusiastic hug and kiss, then running away as they usually do, is a treasure of gold!!

    a_f, what a wonderful experience you had in those years. And a profound impression those two very different priests left on you. Fascinating.
  • a_f_hawkins
    Posts: 3,530
    thought they only needed to be physically present
    On two or three occasions my father and I discharged our Sunday obligation standing in a crowd (of men) outside a church, about 30 feet from the doors unable to see or hear anything, but going down on one knee at the consecration when those who could see something through the open doors knelt.
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  • a_f_hawkins
    Posts: 3,530
    @TLMlover - school masses where we chanted the Ordinary, and the weekly mass I served were good experiences. Simply standing in the Sunday crowd not so much. Vastly better after the 1965 reforms.
    There was something to reform and to rediscover. Clearly, the first part of the Mass, which is intended to instruct the faithful and for them to express their faith, needed to reach those ends in a clearer and so to speak more intelligible manner. In my humble opinion, two such reforms seemed useful: first the rites of that first part of the Mass amd also a few translations into the vernacular.
    The priest coming nearer to the faithful; communicating with them; praying and singing with them and therefore standing at the pulpit; saying the Collect, the Epistle, and the Gospel in their language; the priest singing in the traditional melodies the Kyrie, the Gloria, the creed with the faithful; these are so many good reforms that give back to that part of the Mass its true finality.
    Abp. M Lefebvre; Itinéraires vol 95 July-August 1965
  • @a_f_hawkins

    A good comment from +Lefebvre and can stand in for my reply to @TLMlover.

    It's interesting that, at least at a certain time, his position was more in favour of liturgical reform than that of some traditionalists now, even among his followers. I think his position probably hardened from defensiveness in later decades.
  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    particular concrete abuses - such as rapid-fire low masses, or hymn sandwiches or even orchestral masses
    I'm not sure I would regard any of the above as abuses. I encourage others to weigh in, but in my experience, one is likelier nowadays to find excessively protracted TLMs rather than excessively quick ones. I know of places where it's not unheard of for a High Mass to take the better part of two hours without especially lengthy music—and that's assuming they start on time.
  • MatthewRoth
    Posts: 2,728
    Yes. I and a good friend who happens to be a priest despise when there are only a few TLMs in a metro and where both get turned into polyphony centers, such that even 6 or even 7 PM Masses on holy days are 2 hours long. Meanwhile, we had a high Mass one evening in the last few months with full propers and Credo in addition to the usual Gregorian ordinary, since the rubrics called for it, that lasted a tad over an hour as the celebrant didn’t preach, from 6 to just after 7 PM.
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  • Abbysmum
    Posts: 39
    Abbysmum, Happy Mother's Day!


    Thanks!

    What popped into my mind when I read your comment about perfection, was a random image of a very early Mass, when the idea of sacrifice was probably still first and formost in the minds of the Apostles. And probably all of it felt very Jewish. I just see an image of probably St. Paul, on his knees, elevating the consecrated host (which might have been a big chunk of rustic, pita-like bread), with all sincerity and love and fear, high in the air.

    I see the image of that act as perfect, in the sense that it was an act of trust; an act that they TRULY believed in; an act that they knew they must do, because Jesus told them to.


    What an image! Have you read Four Witnesses by Rod Bennett? It has "highlights" from 4 early church fathers, and that rawness is very evident. It's undeniably Catholic, but I can see what you're describing as part of their reality.

    So if you wanted to get down to describing a “perfect Mass” it would probably last about one minute… bread and wine elevated with the priest, saying the words of consecration… (then again, our liturgy from spy Wednesday to Easter morning is about four days… and isn’t it perfect?)

    that really is all that is absolutely necessary. Everything else added however is beauty and devotion and worship and praise and excellence.

    On Mother’s Day you could run up to her and give her a kiss and run away, and I suppose that would be all that is necessary… But showering her with words of praise, chocolates and flowers and songs are things that she will always remember and certainly appreciate.

    Can you ever love God too much? Can you ever love your mother too much including our dearest Mother in heaven and her church on earth?


    I love this so much!


    Thanked by 1CHGiffen
  • Hmmm... is Mass always inherently flawed? Can the Mass ever be "a perfect product fallen from heaven"?

    I mean, obviously, we always want to have something as close to perfect as possible, but is perfection achievable? Does it need to be a goal?


    Inherently flawed is definitely not the phrase I would use, as it strikes close to saying intrinsically or essentially flawed, which is not an opinion we can have about the mass in any approved form.

    I'm not sure if I want to philosophize about perfection, I just think in these types of discussions that admitting certain deficiencies in the TLM and often enough in the pre-V2 celebration of it (such as a lack of participation) is a basic token of fairmindedness.
    Thanked by 2Abbysmum a_f_hawkins
  • Abbysmum
    Posts: 39
    herently flawed is definitely not the phrase I would use, as it strikes close to saying intrinsically or essentially flawed, which is not an opinion we can have about the mass in any approved form.

    I'm not sure if I want to philosophize about perfection, I just think in these types of discussions that admitting certain deficiencies in the TLM and often enough in the pre-V2 celebration of it (such as a lack of participation) is a basic token of fairmindedness.


    Fair enough!
  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    admitting certain deficiencies in the TLM and often enough in the pre-V2 celebration of it (such as a lack of participation) is a basic token of fairmindedness
    Compare the musical parts of this extraordinary TLM, and this novus ordo Mass with a now-famous cardinal celebrating. The active participation in the first example is formidable, and it appears like there is real worship going on; the people aren't there as silent spectators, and despite excellent organ playing, there's no hint of turning the Mass into a concert. In the second, notice the amplified singing throughout and the bombastic nature of much of the accompaniment. A good percentage of people in the pews appear to be participating, but the amplified cantors dominate, followed by the instruments, then the choir, and then the congregation last. By the third stanza of the recessional hymn, the people are talking, including religious sisters, then there is applause before the postlude. At that point it's more like a singalong concert than worship. Which congregation seems to have received a better liturgical formation? Lack of active participation is frequently associated with the TLM, but I have endured many novus ordo Masses where THE MAJORITY of the people won't be bothered to open the book when it's time to sing, let alone open their mouths. That's nothing like my notion of corporate worship. But again, that's my personal experience, and I encourage others to weigh in.
  • @FSSPmusic

    You quoted me referring to a historical lack of participation in pre-1965 celebration of the TLM and appealed to a 2020 celebration as a counterexample.

    Participation during a given 2020 TLM is at least orthogonal (ie, proves nothing), and more likely supportive of points I've been making:

    I think that the way the TLM is celebrated now, with hand missals, close attention to the action at the altar, sung congregational responses, and varying levels of congregational singing owes a lot to the Liturgical Movement, the emphasis the V2 Council Fathers laid on participation, and perhaps even to "mutual enrichment" from the participatory focus of the NO.

    In a certain sense there is something ahistorical about how we now participate in the TLM, and it's an improvement.


    a broader observation that the very reverent, liturgically correct, and relatively participatory TLMs trads are now used to were not, as far as I understand, the norm in the decades leading up to the council


    I feel comfortable contending that most of the above applies to the SSPX as well, and indeed to your own notion of corporate worship.

    When I began to encourage, and takes steps to increase, congregational singing at the TLM where I direct, I was approached several times by well-meaning but poorly informed people who told me the laity should not be encouraged to sing. To comprehensively correct them I appealed to several highly authoritative sources; aside from two scriptural passages and a quotation of St. Augustine, most of them were from V2 or later, and ALL of them were from the 20th Century. That's not an accident.
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  • @FSSPmusic

    I'm not sure I would regard any of the above ["rapid-fire low masses, hymn sandwiches, orchestral masses"] as abuses. I encourage others to weigh in, but in my experience, one is likelier nowadays to find excessively protracted TLMs rather than excessively quick ones. I know of places where it's not unheard of for a High Mass to take the better part of two hours without especially lengthy music—and that's assuming they start on time.


    Sorry for interpolating into a quotation, but I'm not sure how quote-nesting works in this forum, so it seemed the easiest way to maintain the context.

    Those three types of masses are to my mind abuses, but the terms are imprecise and you might, if you were feeling generous, imagine non-abusive versions of them.

    So for instance, a "rapid-fire mass" which is just quite brisk, not actually incomprehensible, a Sunday hymn sandwich done at a small rural parish that truly lacks resources to sing the mass, or an orchestral mass that wasn't overlong and influenced by secular extravagance.

    To me these do not seem like the obvious interpretations of my wording, but fair play if that is what you're imagining. I hope what I had in mind is a little more clear.
  • MatthewRoth
    Posts: 2,728
    So for instance, a "rapid-fire mass" which is just quite brisk, not actually incomprehensible


    Well. The problem now is that priests who are familiar with the Mass move without being unedifying to a well-calibrated person. They don’t trip (literally and otherwise). But they don’t elevate the host like they’re Padre Pio, or if they do, they make up for it by not slowing down during the rest of the Mass.

    Anyway to the point about popular participation: I try to foster something like what the FSSPX does. I can’t imagine the TLM any other way, and while I respect the need for polyphonic repertoire, I prefer to keep it to motets. Even great feasts sadden me: we can’t sing Mass IX if all of the Marian feasts are taken up with polyphonic Masses. (I mean, we can, but the people sing XI so well that I’m willing to use it on every single green Sunday including in the long stretches of the fall where it is largely uninterrupted.)

    I’m not entirely sure who is claiming what and why, but I would say that I mostly am happy with such an arrangement. I do think that people knew the parts of the Mass better, even if they couldn’t necessarily read well enough to make the most of a missal. However, they went along with the changes, because that was also a part of their formation.

    The ironic abuse of the sung Mass was the limited effort particularly in Anglo contexts at developing the propers; Rossini or similar dominated. Even Solesmes published psalm-tone propers, which take up too much space in the Liber Brevior. I would like a future edition to remove them. An abuse in a good direction perhaps, one that Rome sanctioned in 1960, was sung Mass with incense and two acolytes holding candles all as at the solemn Mass. Previously the only official sung Mass had one acolyte (two in certain contexts would be permissible), no incense.
  • @MatthewRoth

    I’m not entirely sure who is claiming what and why,


    In the foreground my case is that the TLMs we have experience with are on average more participatory (in the good and complete sense) than they were between Trent and V2.

    The tricky part of it, which may offend some sensibilities, is that this is a fruit of the Liturgical Movement, Sacrosanctum Concilium, and perhaps even of mutual enrichment from the NO.

    In other words, even groups and people who consider themselves resistant to liturgical reform have been deeply and positively influenced by it, perhaps without acknowledging it or wishing to.

    In the background, my case does have to do with the OP and active participation itself, which I think there is sometimes an unwarranted dislike for in traditional liturgy circles. Granted, the OP did not reject the idea itself, only a behaviorist interpretation of it.

    However, I do think it self-evident that active participation implies a certain richness of "observable behaviours" in addition to the more primary interior orientations. And while I might be imagining it, I find there is something about the tenor of the OP and some replies that deprecates the importance of lay "observable behaviours" in the liturgy - in a religion of bodily incarnation.

    If we want, on the one hand, to claim that observable behaviours are not really of much importance, and on the other to admiringly point out TLMs that are rich with observable behaviours, then I think we should examine our opinions for internal coherence, and maybe grant to our better angels that some reforming action of the Holy Spirit is in process.

    So there is also a bit of a gauntlet thrown at that, with the remark that whether or not we like "observable behaviour" participation in theory, our celebration of the TLM - today, as-is - has already been informed by it.

    but I would say that I mostly am happy with such an arrangement.


    I agree. I've said a couple of times in this forum that I find congregational singing of the chant Ordinaries vastly more edifying and moving than any polyphonic setting.
  • MatthewRoth
    Posts: 2,728
    what’s offensive is the suggestion, which I have seen asserted in many discussions, that Mediator Dei leads not only to the council but to the NO. That’s, to put it as mildly as I can, obviously wrong.

    The mutual enrichment goes one direction. It has nothing to do with the NO, which must be the point about how trads participate versus your average NO and certainly versus these large event Masses.
  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    So for instance, a "rapid-fire mass" which is just quite brisk, not actually incomprehensible, a Sunday hymn sandwich done at a small rural parish that truly lacks resources to sing the mass, or an orchestral mass that wasn't overlong and influenced by secular extravagance.
    I'm not a priest and have no influence over the rapid-fire Masses. We have four Sunday Masses here: two Sung, two Low. The Low Mass with a Spanish sermon also has Spanish hymns—the four-hymn sandwich. Before my children's choir rehearsal, we have a private Low Mass for the choir families with six hymns. On holy days of obligation during the week (two or three times a year), we have a High Mass in the evening and Low Masses during the day, including one with four hymns. I don't see any of those as abusive in the slightest, nor do I think that a High Mass (or an additional one) would be desirable on any of those occasions. We've done Mozart's Missa brevis in D (K. 194) twice, which I don't judge as overlong or influenced by secular extravagance. You may have a different opinion, but you might consider not painting with such a broad brush.
  • a_f_hawkins
    Posts: 3,530
    Regarding incense, Fortescue says p137 of 1920 edition :
    It is indeed expressly forbidden to use incense at Mass without deacon and subdeacon, unless there be a custom approved by the Ordinary to the contrary. In England, in the great majority of churches, it is impossible to provide sacred ministers. In such churches, therefore, High Mass is hardly ever celebrated. As a substitute for High Mass it has long been the custom to celebrate this kind of Missa cantata, as the principal Mass on Sundays and feasts. This is done with the knowledge and approval of the bishops. There can therefore be no doubt that we have here a case of the custom allowed by the Congregation of Rites.
    And I have read that the USA had an indult very early on, for the same reason.
    Thanked by 1CHGiffen
  • @FSSPmusic

    As a reminder, I brought those up in passing as examples of some categories of abuses that existed prior to V2. I clarified that I can see interpretations of the terms which don't describe actual abuses.

    I'm trying to participate in a discussion of ideas and history, not your parish, how your priest says a low mass (though if you feel that "incomprehensibly fast" describes his method, who am I to disagree?), or you doing a hymn sandwich which is not in place of a sung mass.
  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    Fair enough. Somehow I missed your reply with the 3:29 a.m. timestamp. Sorry. But in fact, you referred to deficiencies in the TLM itself, not only "abuses" that existed prior to V2. In this country, the mentality of "the choir sings" this or that part of the Mass is still just as prevalent in the novus ordo: "the choir" sings what they call the "gathering song" or the "Holy, Holy," as though they weren't intended for the whole congregation to sing. I never hear my Protestant colleagues talk that way; choral music and congregation hymns and service music are like discrete categories to them, and the congregation has its own voice.

    We can lament the lack of High Masses or congregational singing in the 1950s, but 55 years of a supposedly participatory liturgy has been mostly impotent to correct the sad situation. And yes, the SSPX often does an exemplary job with respect to getting their people to sing the Ordinary. The three things I infer from this are that 1. the Latin language is not the primary obstacle to participation, as some make it out to be; 2. that the clergy don't care all that much about fostering congregational singing; and 3. that there is a general disinclination among our people to sing the Mass. Now, is no. 3 because they think it's someone else's job (diffusion of responsibility), because they think congregational singing is Protestant, because they're totally apathetic about sacred music, because they really and truly prefer to attend Mass as silent spectators, or something else?
  • MatthewRoth
    Posts: 2,728
    The US did not have an indult.

    As to the comment above, 2) is spot on. I’m lucky that my pastor fosters it far more often than not.
  • Chaswjd
    Posts: 282
    One can see as an example of the pre-Vatican II practice the funeral mass of John F. Kennedy (and yes, I know that the Council had already started). This was the funeral mass for the first Catholic President of the United States said in one of the nation’s great Cathedrals. But it is not great.
  • trentonjconn
    Posts: 706
    Cushing's Latin...oh boy...
  • But in fact, you referred to deficiencies in the TLM itself, not only "abuses" that existed prior to V2.


    Do you think that liturgical abuses did not exist prior to V2, or only quite rarely? You seem to have categorically rejected my (imprecisely worded) list, and here you've deployed scare quotes. It's all excessively defensive of you, imo. I mean we've just now seen that JFK's funeral was a hymn sandwich.

    Yes, I did refer to deficiencies in the TLM itself, but that wasn't in reference to any deep or intrinsic lack of active participation. The latter was and is just your misreading. This is what I said:

    certain deficiencies in the TLM and often enough in the pre-V2 celebration of it (such as a lack of participation)


    There are 2 parts. Deficiencies in the TLM, and frequent deficiencies in the pre-V2 celebration of it, the latter including a lack of participation. I understand how you arrived at your misreading, but I've clarified it multiple times now.

    About the first part, "deficiencies in the TLM", I'm not saying anything other than what's laid out in Sacrosanctum Concilium regarding accretions, needless repetitions, restricted scriptural fare, and pastoral obstacles. You'll find similar observations in Gamber, Dobszoy, and even +Lefebvre, as we've seen.

    Here I'll reiterate from the same earlier post, that if you are unwilling to admit to these 2 types of deficiency at all, you're simply not engaging the subject with a fair mind.

    We can lament the lack of High Masses or congregational singing in the 1950s, but 55 years of a supposedly participatory liturgy has been mostly impotent to correct the sad situation.


    Anecdotally comparing participation in today's NO and TLM masses could go on forever without giving a clear answer, and you seem motivated to arrive at a preferred answer in any case.

    Instead, what I'll say is that the fact we are lamenting a lack of participation in this mass, admiring a fuller participation in that, or engaged in comparing participation between masses at all, is a positive result of the Liturgical Movement, of Sacrosanctum Concilium, and of a reforming impulse and enrichment from the post-V2 mainstream of the Church. Your notion of corporate worship, as you termed in in a previous post, has been decisively influenced by these modern currents - whether you like it or not. I say all this as a definite partisan of the TLM, mind you.
  • MatthewRoth
    Posts: 2,728
    About the first part, "deficiencies in the TLM", I'm not saying anything other than what's laid out in Sacrosanctum Concilium regarding accretions, needless repetitions, restricted scriptural fare, and pastoral obstacles. You'll find similar observations in Gamber, Dobszoy, and even +Lefebvre, as we've seen.


    But people are free to reject this and even the 1960 reform. And I’ve been aware of this stuff for fully half my life this summer. I used to argue for it. I no longer do.

    Anecdotally comparing participation in today's NO and TLM masses could go on forever without giving a clear answer, and you seem motivated to arrive at a preferred answer in any case.


    Then try to engage. How many of the greatest 1970s or 80s hits can be sung well by amateurs who aren’t taught to sing? Too many. And is that what we should want anyway?

    His point is also simply that we can do the TLM and get congregational signing. It need not be reformed to do so.

    And I think that Patrick and I both disagree that it’s downstream of the NO. Both of us also probably have enough time in trad world to sometimes feel like we’re being lectured to as if this is the first time that we have heard it.
  • But people are free to reject this and even the 1960 reform. And I’ve been aware of this stuff for fully half my life this summer. I used to argue for it. I no longer do.


    Today we are all abundantly aware that the Church promulgates imperfect liturgies. If one refuses to apply this insight to the TLM, that's failing to meet the table stakes for reasonable discussion.

    You might be "free to reject" SC - I'm not going to make an obedience argument here. Part of what I wanted to emphasize, since FSSPmusic seemed a little incredulous that someone might say the TLM has deficiences, is that I'm simply agreeing with an ecumenical council, and with several highly eminent liturgists.

    Then try to engage.


    Try to engage with an anecdotal rabbit hole?

    His point is also simply that we can do the TLM and get congregational signing. It need not be reformed to do so.


    If that is his point, then since I've nowhere said or implied that we can't get congregational singing in the TLM, in fact stated that I love it and strongly promote it in my parish, his point has nothing to do with what I'm saying.

    Edit: Nor have I personally advocated for reforms of the missal. I've agreed with authorities on the presence of some minor deficiencies, and regarding participation I've acknowledged the glaringly obvious fact that reform has in fact been implemented in the TLM.

    And I think that Patrick and I both disagree that it’s downstream of the NO.


    You're both into active participation in the ordinary it seems, so tell me, what's it downstream of? Did you arrive at these views on congregational participation 100% independently, and would have arrived at the same views and preferences in 1950, 1850, and 1750?

    feel like we’re being lectured to as if this is the first time that we have heard it.


    Step out of your feelings for a moment - both of you are responding in ways that demonstrate hasty misreadings and misunderstandings of my position, after me stating and restating it, making it hard to believe you are actually so familiar with it.
  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    You're both into active participation in the ordinary it seems, so tell me, what's it downstream of?
    “In order that the faithful may more actively participate in divine worship, let them be made once more to sing the Gregorian Chant.... It is most important that when the faithful assist at the sacred ceremonies... they should not be merely detached and silent spectators, but, filled with a deep sense of the beauty of the Liturgy, they should sing alternately with the clergy or the choir, as it is prescribed.” (Pius XI, Divini Cultus, 1928) If you're really interested, you can read more of my background on this subject in one of the last articles I wrote for Corpus Christi Watershed about a year and a half ago here.
    Thanked by 1Chant_Supremacist
  • Okay, so I take it as confirmed that you aren't reading my posts with any care.

    I think that the way the TLM is celebrated now, with hand missals, close attention to the action at the altar, sung congregational responses, and varying levels of congregational singing owes a lot to the Liturgical Movement, the emphasis the V2 Council Fathers laid on participation, and perhaps even to "mutual enrichment" from the participatory focus of the NO.

    In a certain sense there is something ahistorical about how we now participate in the TLM, and it's an improvement.


    The tricky part of it, which may offend some sensibilities, is that this is a fruit of the Liturgical Movement, Sacrosanctum Concilium, and perhaps even of mutual enrichment from the NO.


    a positive result of the Liturgical Movement, of Sacrosanctum Concilium, and of a reforming impulse and enrichment from the post-V2 mainstream of the Church. Your notion of corporate worship, as you termed in in a previous post, has been decisively influenced by these modern currents


    The actual kernel of disagreement seems to be offense taken at the mere notion that anything from V2, or the post V2 mainstream of the Church, could have influenced the way you think and feel about participation.

    Impossible: in truth, the mainstream of the Church for your entire life has not influenced your stance on participation one iota, but actually all credit goes to a document from 1928.

    Hmm. If you were born in 1930 and as a child your parents read Mediator Dei to you every night before bed, I am ready to believe it. Otherwise, seems more like a failure to understand what cultural and historical influence actually are and how they affect us.

    In any case, I am taking my case as mostly granted now, with a small asterisk next to the post-V2 influence out of courtesy to you and Matthew. That influence makes sense to me: we are part of the same mystical body, and within that body a dominant movement towards active participation, cemented by Vatican 2, will naturally influence the rest; and the Holy Spirit is working in that body for the good of the Church. But I can accept that it is not enough to persuade you.

    Thank you for sharing your article - I will read it.
    Thanked by 1smt
  • FSSPmusic
    Posts: 342
    Did anyone in this thread assert that active participation by means of congregational singing of the Mass was widespread immediately before the Liturgical Movement? I certainly didn't. The Liturgical Movement produced some good fruits, but in some places, it also resulted in a proliferation of four-hymn sandwiches, Betsingmessen, and other Low/Dialogue Masses with singing in situations where High Masses would have been more appropriate and desirable. This is historically demonstrable and shouldn't be a controversial take. Paradoxically, the Liturgical Movement is responsible for both congregational singing at TLMs and vernacular Ordinaries and the omission of sung Propers at the novus ordo.
  • MatthewRoth
    Posts: 2,728
    Step out of your feelings for a moment - both of you are responding in ways that demonstrate hasty misreadings and misunderstandings of my position, after me stating and restating it, making it hard to believe you are actually so familiar with it.


    I’m done with this conversation because it’s become way too messy for me to respond, but this irritates me. I’ve seen rather vulgar attempts to respond to me where the hostility indicates bad faith, but I’m not going to engage further, because I’m actually just not sure why you would think that Patrick and I (who aren’t sharing a brain) are being hasty.
    Thanked by 1FSSPmusic
  • @MatthewRoth

    That's fine if you're done. Regarding hasty misreadings, I pointed out a few places where one or both of you misread me. By your reply, I take it you may have skipped reading those as well, though!

    I certainly don't think you share a brain, though in your last comment you did take it upon yourself to speak for him as well:

    And I think that Patrick and I both disagree that it’s downstream of the NO. Both of us also probably have enough time in trad world to sometimes feel like we’re being lectured to as if this is the first time that we have heard it.


    ...which is why I responded in a way that addressed you both.

    In any case, no hard feelings on my part. See you in the next thread.
    Thanked by 1smt