A brief history of the "liturgical folk guitar" and the "folk Mass" may be
instructive. [...]
The specific impetus for this, however, seems to have been an address given
by the influential Benedictine liturgist, Father Godfrey Diekmann in New York
City to a meeting of the National Catholic Education Association in April 1965.
In this address he promoted the folk Mass, or as it was then called, the
"hootenanny Mass" for young people. At the beginning of the school year that next
Fall there were reports of such Masses at Catholic colleges and high schools.
Eager to gain official approval for this trend, some liberal liturgists pushed for
a statement from the Music Advisory Board of the Bishops Committee on the
Liturgy. A considerably modified form of such a statement was passed by one
vote in February 1966 at the end of a long meeting after many of the members
had left. Though the statement had no official status and was never approved
by the full body of bishops, it was widely reported in the Catholic and secular
press as having given formal approval for the "guitar Mass." [...]
Statements on Church Music
[The following three statements concerned with questions of music in the liturgy were approved by the
Bishop's [sic] Commission on the Liturgical Apostolate at its meeting of April 18, 1966, after recommendations
had been made by the Commission's Music Advisory Board:]
1. The Role of the Choir
[...]
2. The Use of Music for Special Groups
In modern times the Church has consistently recognized and freely admitted the use of various styles of
music as an aid to liturgical worship. Since the promulgation of the Constitution on the Liturgy, and more especially since the introduction of vernacular languages into the liturgy, there has arisen a more pressing
need for musical compositions in idioms that can be sung by the congregation and thus further communal
participation.
Experience has furthermore shown that different groupings of the faithful assembled in worship respond
to different styles of musical expression which help to make the liturgy meaningful for them. Thus the needs
of the faithful of a particular cultural background or of a particular age level may often be met by a music
that can serve as a congenial, liturgically oriented expression of prayer.
In this connection, when a service of worship is conducted primarily for gatherings of youth of high school
or college age, and not for ordinary parish congregations, the choice of music which is meaningful to persons
of this age level should be considered valid and purposeful, The use of this music presupposes:
a) that the music itself can be said to contain genuine merit;
b) that if instruments other than the organ are employed as accompaniment for the singing, they should
be played in a manner that is suitable for public worship;
c) that the liturgical texts should be respected. The incorporation of incongruous melodies and texts,
adapted from popular ballads, should be avoided.
3. The Salaries of Church Musicians
[...]
--Bishops' [sic] Commission on the Liturgical Apostolate
[...] In response to
this trend the Sacred Congregation of Rites and the Consilium issued a joint
statement on December 29, 1966 prohibiting profane music in church. When
Consilium spokesman Monsignor Annibale Bugnini was asked at a press conference
what was meant by "profane" music, he said that this referred to such
things as "jazz" Masses and instruments such as the guitar.
This statement, of course, was not heeded.
For some time now certain newspapers and magazines have been providing for
their readers reports and pictures of liturgical ceremonies, especially celebrations of
the eucharist, that are foreign to Catholic worship and quite unbelievable. "Family
eucharistic meals" followed by dinner are celebrated in private homes; there are
Masses with novel and improvised rites, vestments, and texts, sometimes with
music of an altogether profane and worldly character, unworthy of a sacred service.
These travesties of worship, springing from mere private initiative, tend inevitably
to desacralize the liturgy, the purest expression of the worship the Church offers to
God.
Appeal to pastoral renewal as a motive is completely ruled out; renewal
develops in an orderly way, not haphazardly. All the practices in question are at odds
with the letter and spirit of Vatican II's Constitution on the Liturgy and harmful to
the unity and dignity of the people of God.
Pope Paul VI said on 13 October of this year: "Diversity in language and
newness in ritual are, it is true, factors that the desire for reform has introduced into
liturgy. Nothing is to be adopted however that has not been duly approved by
authority of the bishops, fully mindful of their office and obligations, and by this
Apostolic See. Nothing should be allowed that is unworthy of divine worship,
nothing that is obviously profane or unfit to express the inner, sacred power of
prayer. Nothing odd or unusual is allowable, since such things, far from fostering
devotion in the praying community, rather shock and upset it and impede the
proper and rightful cultivation of a devotion faithful to tradition."[DOL 84 no 634]
While deploring the practices described and the attendant publicity, we
urgently invite Ordinaries, both local and religious, to watch over the right application
of the Constitution on the Liturgy. With kindness but firmness they should
dissuade those who, whatever their good intentions, sponsor such exhibitions.
Where these occur, Ordinaries should reprove the abuses, banning any experiment
not authorized and guided by the hierarchy and not conducive to a reform in
keeping with the mind of the Council, so that the noble work of renewal may
develop without deviation and produce those results in the life of Christians that
the Church expects.
We add the reminder that apart from those cases envisioned by liturgical law
and therein precisely defined, celebration of Mass in private homes is unlawful.
[...]
4. Song. There is also an allusion to music that is "profane and worldly." The first
adjective, it seems to me, refers to the type of music; the second, to its style of
performance.
A great deal could be said about this issue, which so much engages public
opinion; but I will be brief.
St. Pius X, the first to deal with the issue of singing as a part of pastoral liturgy,
in his well-known Motu Proprio Tra le sollecitunini (1903) forbade "lascivious" songs,
and instruments that are "raucous and frivolous." It is, we must admit, not always
easy to identify these two qualities. As to the words of songs, the question is easier
because, reflecting as they do the fads and fashions of the moment, sentimental
verses are readily recognized.
But what of melody? Every age has its tastes, preferences, and mode of expression.
Like all art music is a sign revealing the times.
As for musical instruments, St. Pius X was quite explicit in banning those that
are "raucous and frivolous" from places of worship. Clearly he had in mind the
Western culture of the Latin Church. Is such a criterion valid today? Only partly so.
This is the reason that, after recommending use of the traditional instruments, the
Constitution on the Liturgy adds: "Other instruments also may be admitted for use
in divine worship, with the knowledge and consent of the competent territorial
authority [i.e., the conference of bishops]. This applies, however, only on condition
that [1] the instruments are suitable, or can be made suitable, for sacred use, [2] are
in accord with the dignity of the place of worship, and [3] truly contribute to the
uplifting of the faithful" (art. 120).
This is the necessary basis for judging new musical forms. The Declaration
asserts that, at least in some instances, these three conditions have not been respected.
The music it mentions is "profane," thus not worthy of the place of worship;
"worldly," that is, of a style whose performance requires or seems to require movements,
gestures, and attitudes unworthy of a sacred service.
Does that foreclose every further development of today's percussion music for
liturgy? The Declaration does not permit such an inference, but it is not difficult to
perceive that there would have to be a great deal of sacralization before that kind of
music can legitimately cross the church threshold.
[...]
Statement on Masses in Homes and on Music
[The following is the text of a statement issued on February 17, 1967, by the Bishops' Commission on
the Liturgical Apostolate. The joint declaration of the Congregation of Rites and the Postconciliar Liturgical
Commission to which the statement refers was published in L'Osservatore Romano on January 5, 1967,
and dated December 29, 1966.]
The joint declaration concerning unauthorized "family eucharistic banquets" issued recently by the
Congregation of Rites and the Postconciliar Liturgical Commission (Consilium) has been the subject of
misinterpretation. It was not a new decree or new legislation, much less was it a "papal ban" on the use of
contemporary music. The confused reporting of this statement is a reminder that the official texts of such
documents should be examined carefully and calmly.
1. The warning to observe the present liturgical discipline was directed against abuses, not against the
proper celebration of Mass in homes and neighborhood communities with the authorization of the local
bishop.
As the chairman of this Commission pointed out last November, private innovations in the liturgy disrupt
the desired unity and order in the community. They divide rather than unite. They divert us all from true
liturgical progress, because they are directly contrary to the intent of the Council.
2. Diocesan programs for the celebration of Mass on weekdays in private homes or small neighborhood
communities are not affected by the warning against abuses.
For a long time local bishops have permitted Mass outside a church for sufficient reason. They have thus
brought consolation to the sick confined to their homes for long periods. Obviously other serious reasons
will prompt the use of such faculties, in particular, diocesan programs for weekday Masses in homes and
neighborhoods.
The assembly in small communities for Mass should not ordinarily be restricted to one or two families.
The purpose should be to form a small worshiping community in which the genuine sense of community is more readily experienced. In turn this experience can contribute significantly to growth in awareness of the
parish as community, especially when all the faithful participate in the parish Mass on the Lord's Day. The
parish is the basic unit of the total ecclesial community and it is in the parish that the Church exists in
miniature.
3. It is difficult to give an easy answer to questions concerning music worthy of the liturgy. If free from
improper associations, the music of any age can be accommodated into the service of the liturgy. The
character of music "is to be considered the more holy in proportion as it is more closely connected with the
liturgical action" (Constitution on the Liturgy, art. 112).
We therefore repeat our recommendations of last April, calling for "musical compositions in idioms that
can be sung by the congregation and thus further communal participation:
"Experience has furthermore shown that different groupings of the faithful assembled in worship respond
to different styles of musical expression which help to make the liturgy meaningful for them. Thus the needs
of the faithful of a particular cultural background or of a particular age level may often be met by a music
that can serve as a congenial, liturgically oriented expression of prayer.
"In this connection, when a service of worship is conducted primarily for gatherings of youth of high school
or college age, and not for ordinary parish congregations, the choice of music which is meaningful to persons
of this age level should be considered valid and purposeful, The use of this music presupposes:
a) that the music itself can be said to contain genuine merit;
b) that if instruments other than the organ are employed as accompaniment for the singing, they should
be played in a manner that is suitable for public worship;
c) that the liturgical texts should be respected. The incorporation of incongruous melodies and texts,
adapted from popular ballads, should be avoided."
Finally, both the developing programs of neighborhood Masses and the newer modes of meaningful
music, which are the responsibility of the local bishop, must not be deterred by the regrettable abuses of
some.
Our concern is to satisfy legitimate desires for needed liturgical change. The condemnation of abuse must
never obstruct desirable and necessary programs of liturgical renewal. It must never encourage or give
comfort to a negativism which is foreign to the promptings of the Holy Spirit for change in our day.
A positive and open approach is needed. This means taking advantage of the changes already accomplished
and making them more deeply effective in vital Christian living.
--Bishops' [sic] Commission on the Liturgical Apostolate
I find it amazing how UTTERLY DEVOID these comments are of anything SPIRITUAL
"What I was getting at was the lack of connection between what we do musically and spiritual lives of he people we are called to serve. There is no mention of bringing peace through music to the widow who is in Stage 4 metastatic cancer. There is no reference to the young man who's wife is cheating on him. There is no mention of the HS student who didn't get into the college she wanted to go to. No mention practically of JESUS or the HOLY SPIRIT! That's the part that is scary."
"This isn't the Republican party where plumbers and hockeymoms decide everything for us."
---page xi---
Preface
This book brings together the writings of the popes on sacred music.
Many of these documents are almost totally unknown, some are found only
in Latin, and a great number are inaccessible to the average musician. They
form a vast panorama of legislative thought. Fragmentary references are
found in the writings of such early popes as St. Damasus (375-384),
St. Celestine (422-432), St. Sixtus (432-440), St. Leo the Great (440-451), and others
of this era. More important steps were taken by Gregory the Great (590-604),
Leo IV (847-855), John XXII (1316-1334), Benedict XIV (1740-1758),
Pius IX (1846-1878), and Leo XIII (1878-1903).
All of these documents accumulate in power as one great crescendo
which reached its fortissimo with St. Pius X's Tra le sollecitudini of November
22, 1903. This motu proprio on sacred music was the climax of all previous
legislation on Church music, and it still remains the highlight of Church music
law. The documents which follow it are explanations and augmentations of
the principles laid down by Pius X. They add little that is new, but rather
set forth in greater detail and for current usage the liturgical and musical
norms which he envisaged.
In approaching this work the first problem was to learn how many papal
documents [...]
---page 1---
Chapter One
Early Popes
Church music has been the concern of the popes during the entire history
of the Catholic Church. From the first through the twentieth centuries the
Supreme Pontiffs have regulated the use of song and musical instruments
in relation to the sacred liturgy. Some of these acts of legislation have been
incorporated into documents of a liturgical or disciplinary nature; others
have been separate documents on music alone. These latter documents are
found in nearly all the various types of ecclesiastical pronouncements, such
as papal constitutions, circular letters, motu proprios, bulls, decrees,
encyclicals, and other forms of ecclesiastical communication.
"Papal documents" is a comprehensive term used to designate any of
the various acts emanating from the Holy See. These have undergone a
long and interesting history, until the end of the nineteenth century, when
Pope Leo XIII (1873-1903) issued a motu proprio which made official
documents uniform in character.
The legislation of the early popes was sparse. (Since this work treats
only papal documents, reference will not be made to the apostles,
Evangelists, and the Church Fathers.) The popes' writings occasionally contained
references to the use of music in the services of the Church, but for the most
part one must rely on secondary sources for information. One of the most
important of these is the Liber Pontificalis edited by Duchesne.[1] Other rich
sources are the great volumes of Migne, Patrologiae Graecae cursus completus,[2]
and Patrologiae Latinae cursus completus.[3] Only since Pope Leo IV
(847-855) are official documents of a legislative character extant. In the
case of St. Gregory the Great (590-604), the works of authors who lived soon
after him will be cited as support of the Gregorian tradition.[4]
The first successor of St. Peter to write concerning the musical practices
of the liturgy was Pope St. Clement. He ruled the Church of God from 92
or 93 to 101 A.D. In his writings he gave a positive precept in favor of the
chant in the liturgical offices, and a negative precept, by which he forbade
the use of the psalms and hymns outside of the services themselves. It was
he who fixed the basic principles upon which the future legislation would
be based. He wrote that the chant of the Church pertained to the liturgy
---page 2---
in the early Church, and that a division must be made between the liturgical
offices, where the hymns and chants were prescribed, and the non-religious
meeting, where these same religious pieces were forbidden.
The first source is [...]
From the death of St. Clement until the fourth century, there were no
further references in the writings of the popes to the liturgical use of music
in the services of the Church. Perhaps this was due to the trying times in
which the Church found herself, or it may have been due to a preoccupation
of the popes with things of a more pressing nature. Or again, it may be that
the lines indicated by Clement and followed by his successors had been
sufficient in the period of formation. During these first three centuries the
Church Fathers taught, and the popes legislated, and abuses were revealed
and eliminated in those things which pertained to the worship of the Church.
[...]
NOTES
1. Louis Duchesne, ed. Liber Pontificalis, 2 vols. (Paris: E. Thorin, 1886-1892).
2. J. P. Migne, ed. Patrologiae cursus completus: Patrologiae Graecae, 167 vols. (Paris: J. P. Migne, 1857-1866), hereafter cited as PG.
3. J. P. Migne, ed. Patrologiae cursus completus: Patrologiae Latinae, 217 vols. (Paris: J. P. Migne, 1844-1855), hereafter cited as PL.
4. F. Romita, Jus musicae liturgicae (Rome: Edizioni Liturgiche, 1947); A. Pons, Droit ecclesiastique et musique sacree, 4 vols. (St. Maurice, Switzerland: Editions de l'Oeuvre St. Augustin, 1959-1961).
[...]
page 14
65. Though the music of the liturgy has the power to unite us symbolically in common
song, there is much tension in our parishes regarding musical styles. Everyone, young and
old, has a favorite musical style. The function of music at liturgy, however, is to support the
community prayer, not to entertain. This is sometimes difficult for teens to understand.
Pastoral musicians have a difficult task balancing the threefold judgment described
in Music in Catholic Worship--liturgical, musical, and pastoral--when choosing music for worship.[73]
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